THE GOVERNMENT OF ISRAEL and PALESTINE : AMNESTY AS IN BRAZIL HIS EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT OF ISRAEL(in english)

THE GOVERNMENT OF ISRAEL and PALESTINE : AMNESTY AS IN BRAZILHIS EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT OF ISRAEL

 Shimon Peres
Sir PRIME MINISTER OF ISRAEL
Lord BENJASMIN NETANYAHUPTRESIDENTE EXCELLENCY THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY LORD ABBASEXCELLENCY THE MINISTER OF STATE AND OFFICERS
The BRAZIL living after years of dictatorship and violent repression in 1979 had a full and unrestricted general amnesty to President João Batista Figueiredo, who benefited civilian and military employees of the dictatorship ; government politicians like JAIME LERNER ( GOVERNOR Parana ) MALUF PAULO ( GOVERNOR OF SÃO PAULO ) , Fernando Collor de Mello ( PRESIDENT OF BRAZIL ) ; allowed as opposed ULISES GUIMARÃES , Franco Montoro , Itamar FRANCO ( PRESIDENTED The BRAZIL ) ; POLITICAL EXILES as Brizola ( GOVERNOR OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL AND RIO DE JANEIRO ) , MIGUEL ARARES ( Pernambuco Governor ) , Cardoso ( PRESIDENT OF BRAZIL ) JOSÉ SERRA ( GOVERNOR OF SÃO PAULO ) ; ALBERTO GOLDMAN ( MINISTER OF TRANSPORT AND GOVERNOR OF BRAZIL SAO PAULO ) , CESAR MAIA ( MAYOR OF RIO DE JANEIRO ) ; POLITICAL PRISONERS AS BETE MENDES , Lula ( PRESIDENT OF BRAZIL ) , Rousseff ( PRESIDENET OF BRAZIL ) .

 The Prosceso national reconciliation worked well , there were free elections and semi general (not for President ) where he won several trends in 1885 pose Jose Sarney takes collaborator of the military regime ( substito the opposition Tancredo Neves ) in 1989 was elected Fernando Collor de Melo contributor the military regime having vice Itamar FRANCO ( opponent of the regime) , with the removal of Fernando Collor de Melo Franco assume ( opposition MODERATE tO mILITARY rEGIME ) ;
In 1994 was elected Cardoso who was exiled politician was reelected in 1998 , left- opted by economic liberalism .

 In 2002 Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva is preiro worker and political prisoner elected president of the Republic of Brazil was reelected in 2006.

 In 2010 running for president for the second round BRAZIL JOSÉ SERRA who was exiled in CHILE against Rousseff supported by Lula , Rousseff becomes the first former guerrilla , political prisoner also become PRESIDENT OF BRAZIL , Rousseff is the daughter of a Jewish Bulgarian ( Petra Rousseff ) with a Brazilian .

 Here in BRAZIL no religious nor racial or tribal conflicts , despite yo be opposition to Lula / Rousseff government.
FOLLOW THE EXAMPLE OF BRAZIL , promoting an amnesty that benefits ISRAELI SETTLERS involved conflicts with en PALESTINIAN , also for amnesty PALESTINIAN PRISONERS , for policiaias and military defense forces that have participated in the repression AMNESTY IS THE BEST OPTION FOR PALESTINIAN AND ISRAELI
History of BrazilGovernment Figueiredo (1979-1985) : Transition , Direct now , RioCentroComment
Renato CancianSpecial to Page 3 & Communication Pedagogy19/10/200608h22
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Updated on 07.23.2013 at 12h58
With the choice of General João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo to govern the country , was assured the continuity of the process of political liberalization . The presidential term Figueiredo lasted six years and ended 21 years of military dictatorship in Brazil .
Along the Figueiredo government, the military dictatorship lost social legitimacy and political suffered wear. But there was still kicking due to threats of radicalization in the armed forces who tried to stop the process of democratization .
Military radicals attached to the apparatus of political repression terrorist campaign aiming to destabilize the government and intimidate society . President Figueiredo , however, was able to contain the military radicalism and forward the transition from dictatorship to democracy .
amnesty
Amnesty was an essential step to the democratization process . With it , political prisoners would gain freedom and the exiles were allowed to return to the country . In February 1978 he was created in Rio de Janeiro , the first Brazilian Committee for Amnesty ( CBA ) .
The CBA was the result of the aggregation of various political currents of opposition ( liberal and democratic left ) , relatives of prisoners , dead, missing, political exiles , and also progressive sectors of the Catholic Church .
In several states new committees to campaign for amnesty came and nationwide earned significant popular support . In order to disrupt the pro -amnesty , then President Geisel enacted in 1978 , several decrees laws revoking most emergency laws , including the Institutional Act No. 5 (IA - 5 ) .
Amnesty Act 1979
Thus , gradually the political prisoners were being released and the exiles little bit could return to the country . The Amnesty Act 1979 served to continue this process, but it angered opposition movements claiming a "broad , general and unrestricted " amnesty.
The Amnesty Act failed to address the most contentious issue of the period of the dictatorship , ie , the terrorist acts of authorship of the guerrilla organizations and armed left human rights violations committed by agents of the organs of the military police who committed murders and repression torture.
The Act excluded from its benefits guerrillas convicted of terrorist acts involving " violent crime " ( ie , crimes against human life ) , but granted pardon to the agents of repression involved in killings and torture . For this reason , the Amnesty Act 1979 represented a clear sign that the military does not admit any attempt at legal punishment to the Armed Forces .
The party reform
With the growing movement of opposition to the dictatorship , the Figueiredo government assessed , correctly, that the maintenance of bipartisanship would cause additional erosion of the bases of political support scheme .
In the context of democratization , was expected to increasingly sharp political polarization in favor of the Brazilian Democratic Movement ( MDB ) , the legal opposition party ; against the ruling party , the National Renewal Alliance ( ARENA ) . In order to cause a split in the opposition bloc , the Figueiredo government forced party reform .
ARENA and MDB were extinct . The government politicians created the Social Democratic Party ( PDS ) , while the MDB became the PMDB . Also emerged the Democratic Labor Party ( PDT ) , led by Brizola ; the Brazilian Labor Party ( PTB ) , consisting of a wing ARENA less influential politicians.
Workers Party ( PT)
The communist parties continued illegally. The biggest news in the party political scene was the emergence of the Workers Party ( PT) . Advocating a socialist proposal, PT originated the new fighter and trade union movement of the ABC region , led by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva .
In November 1982, direct elections for governor ( which has not happened since 1967 ) , to state and federal deputies , mayors and councilors were performed . The government enacted a law prohibiting partisan alliances with the purpose of preventing the oppositions unite .
The PDS managed to elect 12 governors , while the opposition succeeded in electing December Were victorious , however , the most populous and developed states of the country , as in Rio de Janeiro ( electing Brizola PDT ) and São Paulo ( electing Franco Montoro PMDB ) .
The union economic crisis and the new movement
The Figueiredo government inherited a serious economic crisis. In this context , the dissatisfaction of workers increased . The first strikes were triggered by the working class in the metallurgical sector São Paulo's ABC region of greater industrial concentration in the country .
Initially , the claims of the workers focused on wage increases . However , as the strike movement gained strength , workers broadened their demands requiring policy changes , including the abolition of government control over unions , restoration of the right to strike and free negotiation with employers .
Other categories of workers in the industrial sector and the civil service also sparked strikes . The government cracked down violently strikers movements mainly of workers of Sao Paulo city. But it was not possible for the government to keep under strict state control and police unions and prevent the reorganization of the working class .
The workers were one of the most important segments of Brazilian society to contribute with their strikes and demands for the advancement of the democratization process.
State terrorism and the attack RioCentro
The process of political opening brought forward by the government Figueiredo was not safe from attempts to reverse. Military radicals linked to the organs of repression spread panic through terrorist acts . Churches , publishers , media outlets , newsagents , headquarters of political parties and democratic institutions , were targets of bombings .
Terrorism from radical sectors of the armed forces was intended to frighten the population and the opposition , and undermine the government in order to cause a hardening of the regime . The company , however, reacted . Numerous acts and public demonstrations that demanded government action against the violence were organized .
The most serious terrorist act occurred in April 1981 in Rio de Janeiro . Anticipating a celebration of Labor Day , workers were performing a show at the Convention Center RioCentro . A sergeant and a captain in the Army planned to detonate a bomb at the site , but an accident caused the explosion of the bomb when they were still in possession of the artifact .
The attack RioCentro caused a serious military crisis due to pressure from opposition for the government to investigate the case . Figueiredo , however , yielded to the interests of the military to prevent the police inquiry came to point those responsible . There was no punishment or even investigations .
However , the attack RioCentro was the last terrorist act committed by military radicals . The episode led to increased wear and loss of social and political legitimacy of the government and regime .
Direct Now !
The Constitution provided that the successor to President Figueiredo would be indirectly elected by the National Congress . In March 1983 , however, the PMDB federal deputy , Dante de Oliveira , introduced a constitutional amendment that established direct elections for president.
From there , the opposition mobilized the population aimed at pressuring lawmakers to approve the constitutional amendment . Across the country , large rallies , acts and public demonstrations were held . The campaign slogan was " Direct Now " .
Students , union leaders and political sectors of the Catholic Church , artists and personalities from civil society and composed thousands of popular forces who demanded direct elections . But the government still had enough to block the adoption of the constitutional amendment which established direct election parliamentary strength. It happened in April 1984, Congress rejected the amendment Dante de Oliveira .
Maluf and Tancredo
In the race for presidential succession , the ruling party , PDS , has released the name of the São Paulo Paulo Maluf . Disagreed with that statement, Northeastern political leaders such as Antonio Carlos Magalhães and Marco Maciel did not accept it and left the PDS , founding the Liberal Front Party ( PFL ) .
The opposition has released the name of Tancredo Neves , the PMDB . Tancredo was an opposition politician moderate trend, and because of that could support the PFL .
On January 15, 1985 , was elected by an electoral college president. From the institutional point of view , however , the country would complete the transition to democracy only when the people could vote freely for president in 1989 .
End of Dictatorship
The soldiers were exhausted in government control , but withdrew from politics in order to ensure its prerogatives . The transition to democracy in Brazil was peaceful and was guided through a process of negotiation between the elites , involving agreements so that there was no legal punishment the armed forces before all the human rights violations that were victims of the dictatorship 's opponents .
The election of Tancredo Neves did not pose threat to the interests of the military and even the social order established by them since 1964 . But the attempt to forget the past , ie to prevent became public crimes committed by agents of repression , failed .
Dom Paulo Evaristo Arns and " Brazil : Never Again"
The Catholic Church of St. Paul , under the leadership of Cardinal Dom Paulo Evaristo Arns , held a secret research -based examination of the military court proceedings . The research led to the monumental work " Brazil : Never Again " collection consists of several volumes that describes and dissects the military police repression during the dictatorship .
With the publication of " Brazil : Never Again" , became public the atrocities of the military dictatorship and the identification of all torturers . It was a bold and important step towards elucidating the historical past of the country .
Renato Cancian is a social scientist , master in sociology , politics and doctoral student in social sciences . He is the author of the book " Justice and Peace Commission of St. Paul: Genesis and Acting Policy - 1972-1985 " .